Motorcycle Helmet Laws in America Essay Example for Free

Motorcycle Helmet Laws in America Essay Motorcycle are not the safest means of transportation but millions of people all across America choose them over automobile for the trill, speed and high performance capabilities they offer in fraction of the price of a automobile. Motorcycle do not provide the protection like automobiles do with their outer body and safety features like air bags and seat belts, therefore in case of an accident the injury sustained by the rider is often very serious. When dealing with motorcycle accidents, majority of the fatalities are due to head injuries which could have been prevented had the rider been wearing a helmet. Helmets are the only method to reduce the head injuries during crashes which is the leading cause of death involving motorcycle accidents. Helmet use law has created a lot of controversies over the years, while some supporting the law and other opposing it. One side who support the law believe that the helmet law protects the motorcyclist from danger in case of an accident and save the nation a good deal of money. While, the other side believes that the law is unconstitutional and it violets their right to freedom. Although helmet cannot prevent motorcycle accidents but greatly reduces the number of deaths caused by head injuries during these crashes as well as helps in lowering taxes, insurance cost and health care cost. According to the federal government estimates, the number of deaths on motorcycle per mile in 2006 was 35 times higher than in automobile. In last couple of years motorcycle deaths have seen considerable increase- more than doubling in 2007 from the record low in 1997. In contrast the passenger occupant death reached a record low in 2007. This paper examines the history of motorcycle helmet use law and also the current state of the law. It also tries to highlight the burden that accident involving riders not wearing helmet impose on the society and also the effect of helmet law on helmet use. BACKGROUND HISTORY OF MOTORCYCLE HELMET LAW: The motorcycle helmets laws in United States has gone through several changes throughout the years. In 1967, in order to increase the helmet use, the federal government required the state government to enact helmet use laws to qualify for certain federal safety program and highway construction fund. The federal incentives was a success and by early 1970s almost all the states had universal helmet laws which covered all the riders of all ages and experience. 1968, Michigan became the first state to repel its laws. This lead to a series of repeal, re-enactment, and amendment of motorcycle helmet laws. In 1976, US Department of transportation (DOT) moved in to assess the financial penalties on states without helmet laws but the congress corresponded to state pressure and stopped DOT from assessing financial penalties on states without helmet laws. By 1980, several states had repealed their helmet laws and some weakened their laws to cover riders under the age of 18 but not older riders. In the 1980s and early 1990, several states reinstated helmet laws applying for all riders. In the 1991 Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act, several incentives were created by the congress for the states to enact helmet use and safety belt use laws. The eligibility criteria for receiving special safety grants was that the state must enact both the laws. Up to 3 percent of federal highway allotment was redirected to highway safety program for all the states that did not enact the laws by October 1993. But again after four years of establishing the incentive program ,congress revised itself. In the fall of 1995, federal sanction against the states without helmet use laws was lifted which paved the way for state to repeal helmet use laws. This lead to many states weakening its helmet use laws. Now 20 states and District of Columbia have helmet laws covering all riders and 27 states have partial helmet use law covering some riders (usually riders under the age of 18). Illinois and Iowa do not have any helmet use laws. PRESENT HELMET LAW STATUS: [pic] NO HELMET LAW: |NO HELMET LAW (2 STATES) | |ILLINOIS |IOWA | PARTIALLY FREE: |AGE REQUIREMENT – PARTIALLY FREE (27 STATES) | |15 UNDER |18 UNDER |19 UNDER |21 UNDER | | | | | | |MAINE |ALASKA |DELAWARE |ARKANSAS | | |ARIZONA | |KENTUCKY | | |COLORADO | |RHODE ISLAND | | |CONNECTICUT | |SO. CAROLINA | | |HAWAII | |TEXAS | | |IDAHO | |PENNSYLVANIA | | |INDIANA | | | | |KANSAS | | | | |MINNESOTA | | | | |NEW HAMPSHIRE | | | | |NEW MAXICO | | | | |NORTH DAKOTA | | | | |OHIO | | | | |OKLAHOMA | | | | |SOUTH DAKOTA | | | | |UTAH | | | AGE REQUIREMENT INSURANCE: |AGE REGUIREMENT + INSURANCE (1 STATE PARTIALLY FREE) | |21 OVER | |FLORIDA | MANDATORY LAW: | | |MANDATORY HELMET LAWS (20 STATES) | |ALABAMA |MASSACHUSETTS |TENNESSE |NEBRASKA | |CALIFORNIA |MICHIGAN |VERMONT |NEW YORK | |GEORGIA |MISSISSIPPI |VIRGINIA |NEW JERSEY | |LOUISIANA. |MISSOURI |WASHINGTON |NORTH CAROLINA | |MARYLAND |NEBRASKA |W. VIRGINIA |OREGON | | | | | | | | | | | HOW DO HELMET LAWS AFFECT HELMET USE: Based on various studies of states enactment, repel and weakening of helmet laws, it was observed that the helmet use reached 100 percent when all the riders were required to wear helmet at all times compared to 50 percent when there was no law or law applied to only some riders. In 2008, according to NHTSA, 97 percent of the riders were observed wearing helmets in states with universal helmet laws compared to 90 percent in 2002. In states without universal helmet law the use of helmet was 52 percent in 2002 and 54 percent in 2008. Based on helmets judged to be compliant with federal safety regulations, use was 73 percent in 2002 and went up to 78 percent in 2008 among motorcyclists in states with universal helmet laws. It rose from 46 to 50 percent among motorcyclists in states without such laws. HOW DO HELMET LAW EFFECT MOTORCYCLIST DEATH AND INJURIES: In states which either reinstates or enacted saw a considerable increase in motorcycle helmet use and motorcycle death and injuries decreased drastically. Whereas the states which repealed or weakened their existing helmet law saw a great increase in motorcycle death and injuries and considerable decrease in helmet use. According to two studies published in 2007 and 2008, motorcyclist fatality rates were modelled based on helmet law type, after controlling for various factors such as per capita income, population density, and annual precipitation. It was observed that the states which had helmet law covering all riders had lowest death rates. Further on, the states which had helmet law covering only some riders had low death rate compared to states with no helmet law, but not as low as the states with universal helmet law. These results held for all three types of rates considered: deaths per 10,000 registered motorcycles, deaths per 100,000 population, and deaths per 10 billion vehicle miles traveled. Some examples of helmet law and its effect on death and injuries:   California enacted universal helmet law on January 1, 1992. The number of motorcycle fatalities decreased 37 percent to 327 in 1992 from 523 in 1991.   Nebraska reinstated a helmet law on January 1, 1989 after repealing an earlier law in 1977. The state saw 22 percent reduction in serious head injuries due to motorcycle crashes.   From 1968 to 1977, Texas had a universal helmet use law estimated to have saved 650 lives, but the law was amended in 1977 to apply only to riders younger than 18. The weakened law coincided with a 35 percent increase in motorcyclist fatalities. Texas reinstated its helmet law for all motorcyclists in September 1989. The month before the law took effect, the helmet use rate was 41 percent. The rate jumped to 90 percent during the first month of the law and had risen to 98 percent by June 1990. Serious injury crashes per registered motorcycle decreased 11 percent. But in September 1997, Texas again weakened its helmet law, requiring helmets only for riders younger than 21. Helmet use in Texas dropped to 66 percent by May 1998, and operator fatalities increased 31 percent in the first full year following the repeal.   Kentucky repealed its universal helmet law in 1998, followed by Louisiana in 1999. These actions resulted in lower helmet use, and quickly increased motorcyclist deaths in these states by 50 percent and 100 percent, respectively. In 2000, Floridas universal helmet law was weakened to exempt riders 21 and older who have at least $10,000 of medical insurance coverage. An Institute study found that the motorcyclist death rate in Florida increased by about 25 percent after the state weakened its helmet law. A study of the Florida law change by NHTSA found a similar effect; motorcyclist deaths per 10,000 motorcycle registrations increased 21 percent during the two years after the law was changed compared with the two years before. IMPACT OF HELMET LAW ON MOTORCYCLE THEFT: Helmet law has also resulted in decline in reduction in motorcycle theft as potential robbers may not have an access to helmet and not wearing helmet will attract police notice. According to Texas department of public safety, motorcycle theft decreased 44 percent between 1988 and 1998 in 19 cities after enactment of universal helmet law. After enactment of helmet law by Great Britain, motorcycle theft feel 24 percent in London. The Netherlands saw 36 percent drop in motorcycle theft after it enacted helmet laws in 1975. In 1980, when on the spot fine was introduced in former West Germany, motorcycle theft plummeted 60 percent. IMPACT OF HELMET ON HEALTH CARE COST: Unhelmeted riders have higher health care costs as a result of their crash injuries, and many lack health insurance. In November 2002, NHTSA reported that 25 studies of the costs of injuries from motorcycle crashes consistently found that helmet use reduced the fatality rate, probability and severity of head injuries, cost of medical treatment, length of hospital stay, necessity for special medical treatments, and probability of long-term disability. A number of studies examined the question of who pays for medical costs. Only slightly more than half of motorcycle crash victims have private health insurance coverage. For patients without private insurance, a majority of medical costs are paid by the government. According to specific findings of several studies: 1996 NHTSA study found that inpatient hospital charges were 8 percent higher for riders without helmets compared to riders wearing helmets.   Various studies shows that the health care cost associated with head injured motorcyclist decline after the introduction of helmet use law in 1994 by the state of California. The rate of motorcyclist hospitalized for head injuries decreased by 48 percent in 1993 compared with 1991 and the total cost of patients with head injuries decreased by $20. 5 million during this period. †¢ After reinstatement of helmet law by Nebraska, study showed that there has been 38 percent decline in total acute medical charges for injured motorcyclist. A NHTSA evaluation of the weakening of Floridas universal helmet law in 2000 to exclude riders 21 and older who have at least $10,000 of medical insurance coverage found a huge increase in hospital admissions of cyclists with injuries to the head, brain, and skull. Such injuries went up 82 percent during the 30 months immediately following the law change. The average inflation-adjusted cost of treating these injuries went up from about $34,500 before the helmet law was weakened to nearly $40,000 after. Less than one-quarter of the injured motorcyclists would have been covered by the $10,000 medical insurance requirement for riders who chose not to use helmets. Various studies conducted in Nebraska, California, Washington and Massachusetts indicates that taxpayers are burdened by injured motorcyclist. From January 1988 to January 1990, 41 percent motorcyclist injured in Nebraska lacked health insurance or received Medicaid or Medicare. In Seattle, public fund paid 63 percent of trauma care for injured motorcyclist in 1985. In Sacramento, 82 percent of the costs to treat orthopaedic injuries sustained by motorcyclists during 1980-83 was paid by public fund. Forty-six percent of motorcyclists treated at Massachusetts General Hospital during 1982-83 were uninsured. MOTORCYCLE HELMET LAW ISSUES: Motorcyclist often feel that helmet use law violets their right of freedom. They believe that the rider should have the freedom to decide the use of helmet. According to various motorcycle groups, helmet use law reduces riding which in turn results in less death rates in motorcycle crashes which the government uses to confuse people about the safety benefits of helmet. Many motorcyclist have gone to the court objecting the law. In 1972, a federal court told a motorcyclist who objected to the law: â€Å"The public has an interest in minimizing the resources directly involved. From the moment of injury, society picks the person up off the highway; delivers him to a municipal hospital and municipal doctors; provides him with unemployment compensation if, after recovery, he cannot replace his lost job; and, if the injury causes permanent disability, may assume responsibility for his and his familys subsistence. We do not understand a state of mind that permits plaintiff to think that only he himself is concerned. † This decision was affirmed by the US Supreme Court. RECCOMENDATIONS TO INCREASE HELMET USE: Law makers should look into other means to increase use of motorcycle helmets other then law. Public campaign to encourage helmet use would greatly reduce the law enforcement cost also restriction to one’s own freedom felt by some riders. But the chances of achieving results through these method is minimal. Subsidies on helmet purchase can shift part of the cost from riders to general public by providing federal money to the motorcyclist purchasing helmets. Subsidies would not motivate riders who value their freedom and convenience over the benefits helmet use. Motorcyclist using helmet should be charged lower insurance premium compared to riders not using helmet to encourage helmet use. This difference in insurance premium would encourage un-helmeted rider to use helmet and other safety gear in order to reduce their premium. When novice riders take rider education course, more emphasis should be laid on the importance of helmet use and not just only the basic operating skills. If they understand the use of safety gear and helmet at early age, it might affect their choice later in their life. Motorcyclist who fail to wear a helmet and sustain head injuries could be denied compensation for injury and damages. however, it would become difficult for the court to determine on case to case basis in which compensation would be denied as head injuries are sustained when helmet are worn. Various studies have showed that when helmet use is not mandatory, 50% of all riders wear helmet but when it is mandatory nearly 100% riders use helmet. So, the only way to increase helmet is to enact universal helmet law in all the states of United States of America. REFERENCES: www. pubmedcentral. nih. gov www. iihs. org www. nhtsa. dot. org.

Crime And Punishment Dream Ana Essay -- essays research papers

Dreams of Good and Evil   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dreams are windows into peoples sub conscience and their true emotions and gives important clues to emotional disturbances. Sigmund Freud, the first person to systematically study dreams, said that desires are revealed in the form of dreams. Freud said that dreams gratify those desires which that a person would never express while awake. Psychiatrists today tend to view dreams as attempts to solve problems rather than as the fulfillment of unconscious desires. Whatever dreams are, they gratify a physiological and psychological need of humans. In Crime and Punishment, Raskolinov manifests guilt itself in a dream in which Ilya Petrovich mercilessly beats his landlady. This dream is a vision into Raskolinov’s emotional disturbances and signifies resentment and fear.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Raskolinov’s dreams are continual conflicts between his dark and hateful mind and his conscience. His mind drives him to murder and inflates his ego to make him feel as an â€Å"extraordinary man.† On the other hand, his conscience struggles to hinder these violent motives. Raskolinov’s mind is at battle with itself in a conflict of morals and corruption that is manifested into the dream of the mare. Dostoevsky uses the dream as evidence of Raskolinov’s psychic illness. Raskolinov can be identified as all of the characters in his dream: Mikolka, the jeering crowd, the beaten horse, and the innocent child. Raskolinov’s confusion and obvio...

Keinan Abdi Warsame (K’Naan) an Unsung Hero!

Courage is being able to have the mental strength along with the ability to understand that you have a moral obligation to face your fears, danger and with stand any difficulties in life no matter how they are presented to you. My historian with courage is K’naan who is a poet, singer, songwriter, rapper and an instrumentalist. His birth name is Keinan Abdi Warsame and he was born on February 1, 1978 in Mogadishu, Somalia. In 1991 he experienced the beginning of the Somali Civil War. He had to witness his family members and friends fall victim to the war.K’naan had also played a short role in the war by participating in the gun violence. He felt (like many others) if you don’t participate, you will die. He has faced need death, from being shot at and walking through bomb mined fields. His mother was able to legally flee with him and his siblings to Canada, only to continue witnessing the minor life styles of the war that was brought over sees. He felt that he had to do something about this dire situation and began to rap to express this need. In 1999 he challenged the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees in regards to its failed aid missions to Africa (in particularly Somalia).In 2010 his song â€Å"Waving Flag† became the anthem for FIFA World Cup game and video game, which was extremely important for him because it was held in Africa. He has been joined by many artists from around the world in issues varying from the wars in Africa, the Haitian earthquake of 2009, and child abduction/slavery through his song â€Å"Fatima†. In 2011 he was given a special recognition from former President Bill Clinton for his global ambassador work. You have the power to stop someone from being hurt or to show them that they are thought of.

mentorship reflection - 2900 Words

This is my reflective account of my performance as a mentor in a clinical setting, assessing the learning environment and the strategies used for teaching and assessing a newly qualified theatre nurse. The purpose of this essay is to reflect upon aspects of my professional practice and development that I have encountered during my time as a student mentor. This reflective essay shall be written in the first person, In accordance with the NMC (2002) Code Of Professional Conduct, Confidentiality shall be maintained and all names have been changed to protect identity. I have been teaching students and newly qualified theatre practitioners as a registered ODP for more than 10 years and as a SODP for one year. Working with†¦show more content†¦Basic techniques from effective surgical hand washing to scrubbing for a minor procedure, may be most efficiently and effectively taught in the four stage procedure based on the work of Peyton. 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Archetypes Of The Male And Female - 998 Words

Advertisments follow a blueprint that grabs viewer’s attention and places emphasis on archetypes of the male and/ or female. Which are then used to further a claim, while the archetype has nothing to do with the claim. To show this we will examine three advertisements and their Greco-roman archetypes, Athena, Prometheus, and Narissius. First we will look at a Carl’s Junior Advertisement featuring Ronda Rousey. The advertisement show’s Ronda Rousey an attractive female holding one of Carl’s Junior’s breakfast sandwiches. â€Å"With a sweet side.† In bold lettering. This significant because Ronda Rousey is the most dominant female UFC fighter in history. Rousey’s total cage time after 11 pro fights is 25 minutes and two seconds, an average of two minutes and 16 seconds per fight. She’s ended seven of her pro victories in less than one minute. The advertisement is suggesting that their sandwich has the same knockout power as Rouse y with a sweeter side. 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Decision Making For The Success Of The Organization

Decision-making in management is essential to the success of the organization. Decision-making in one s personal life is just as essential. In making decisions it is important for a person to be aware of different decision-making techniques, tools and approaches. In this paper I will explore two different tools of decision-making as applied to a decision that I need to make and I will also identify possible solutions to my decision. Lastly, I will compare the results of my two different techniques and explain which tool I feel will be more effective in making a decision. The two different decision making tools that I will review are the rational decision-making model and the Decision Tree tool. Rational Decision-Making A decision that I need to make is in regard to whether or not to allow my mother who has terminal cancer to continue to stay with me and receive care or, per her request, to allow her to go back home where her siblings and family are. 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China And Taiwan Essay Research Paper China free essay sample

China And Taiwan Essay, Research Paper China has ever been a really interesting state while sing the United States Epolitical and economic position. China, being a state of over 1.4 billion ( about + of the universe ) has remained a world power among states due to its tremendous land mass, and population. Its tremendous size has besides allowed it to exercise its power over other states, such as Hong Kong, Tibet, and Taiwan. Its communist manner of leading has created an Fe drape over its shores, leting it virtually no contact with other states, particularly the mostly democratic United States. One must inquire the inquiry of whether China has the power, and justification to try a return over of Taiwan, an island state E of the lower China. And if so, would it be able to sing the economic of import of Taiwan to numerous other states in the universe, which includes the United States? Taiwan s beginnings can be traced back to the mid 20th century. Due to a Communist coup detat of the mainland of China in 1949, Chinese Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek transplanted his authorities to Taiwan # 8217 ; s capital, Taipei. Chiang # 8217 ; s Nationalist Party, known as the Kuomintang, or KMT, continued to take a firm stand it s Republic of China Ewas the legitimate authorities of all of China, which in revenge, went under the pretense of The People s Republic of China E The United States, due to the Cold War of the 50 s, took an inflexible attitude towards communist states, and refused to acknowledge chief land China as the existent China, alternatively choosing to acknowledge Taiwan as the official state, until Taiwan was covering a major blow in the early 70 s when the United Nations stripped them of their place, and gave it to chief land China. Nationalist China lost its place in the UN due to a 1972 to China by President Nixon, who was receptive to a visit by a U.S. president because of a relationship with Russia that soured due to Russia s failure to portion atomic information. Taiwan was in universe intelligence once more due to recent elections they were holding being overshadowed by the Chinese authorities s proving of ballistic missiles off the Taiwanese seashore, although that menace to Taiwan drew a strong reaction from the United States, which deployed two aircraft-carrier conflict groups near Taiwan. Should China try to take over Taiwan? Three chief factors China should maintain in consideration are the human loss deductions of any return over effort of the autonomous state of Taiwan, the economic benefits reaped against the economic costs of a return over of an full state, every bit good as how Chinese foreign policy dealingss with other states would change after an attempte vitamin Ds take over. Human loss branchings include losingss that would ensue of a war with Taiwan. Is China certain it could take over Taiwan? If so, how much of its ground forces would it lose? Is it truly ready to give its resources to a war over Taiwan? A war against Taiwan is non merely a war against Taiwan ; it is a war against Taiwan along with the states that Taiwan has strong economic ties to, which include ( in falling order of export size, get downing with the largest ) the United States, Hong Kong, Japan, Singapore, and Germany. Taiwan is an economic human dynamo in Asia. With a reeling economic system that focuses on machinery, electronics, and electronic equipment ( 46.3 % of Taiwan s exports, really ) , Taiwan enjoyed a GDP of 283 billion US dollars in 1997. Paired with a GDP growing rate of 5.7 % , and an rising prices rate of 1.1 % , Taiwan would do a fantastic add-on to China s list of territitoires that include Hong Kong and Tibet. Taiwan besides maintains a fantastic relationship with the United States by exporting 20 nine billion dollars deserving of goods to them while importing twenty two million dollars deserving of goods. In a universe with a turning dependance on electronics and computing machines, China would be fit to annex Taiwan and its huge supplies of information making machines. Foreign policy plays a function in whether China should take over Taiwan. Is it truly smart to assail a state that supplies the United States, amongst other states, with computing machines and electronics? The United States has a policy of protecting its foreign involvements. With Taiwan being such a major provider of merchandises critical to the U.S. economic system, the Chinese should non anticipate the U.S. to stand by while a communist state they have strained relationships with onslaughts them. China has ever remained an independent state, would they be prepared to possibly be ostracized from the United Nations, who besides receive electronics from Taiwan? China could possibly confront a individual state, possibly two, but could it confront the full United Nations, who would contend to protect domestic involvements, every bit good as human rights causes for Taiwan? In my sentiment, China should non try a return over of Taiwan. Besides the ethical branchings of taking something that is non theirs, China might non even have the existent capacity to try a return over of Taiwan. Numerous states would eschew China for its policy of a manifest fate ; possibly even some would help in Taiwan s defence to protect their involvements. China could non defy an full collective of states, it would be merely excessively much. It would be in China s best involvements to remain to themselves, and leave Taiwan entirely.